The idea is 12V power supply will be connected to the Electronics (which runs the hot end, motors etc). And the heat bed by 24v power supply through that external MOSFET
I don’t see why you couldn’t connect that one driver to 24V. By common ground that means that the two ground wires for both PSU’s are connected to each other/ the board grounds as well. This is a rough explanation. I would do a google search to get a better explanation.
Like the others have said, yes, just make sure the ground from the one PSU is connected to the other and that all the specs are right. Like the mosfet for example. If it can handle 24 volts, that’s great unless it takes more than the available 12 volts from the board to trip the mosfet and turn it on. Just make sure your numbers match up.